Cultural Attitudes Reflected In War. Vanissa Tsang. ....

Cultural Attitudes Reflected in War Vanissa Tsang Conflict is inevitable when rules have been dismissed or violated, or when something valuable has been stolen or damaged. The Israelites got involved with an internal war when Saul became jealous of David for being the Lord’s next chosen king; The Trojan War happened because Paris took Helen from Menelaus. Although war is a common form of conflict for the Israelites and Greeks, its objective differs by Israelites fight to gain God’s favor, or power, whereas Greeks roots from the honor of one self, legacy of the family, and reputation of the community. The start of wars with the Hebrews are influenced by the Israelites’ displease from or to God, or simple rule violations; Greeks’ wars†¦show more content†¦In Greek, Helen was Menelaus’ wife until Paris took her back to Troy. Because she was not fairly obtained as a prize through battle, Paris is ‘that man [who] robbed / of [Menelaus’] sumptuous, warm wife† (Iliad, III, 61-62). A wife is usually seen as a prized treasure to Greek and Trojan men alike, so when Helen was stolen, it was an insult to Menelaus’ pride. Had he done nothing about it, then the Greeks would be cowards for not fighting to claim back what was rightfully theirs, and letting anyone step over them and casually taking things from them. A war on pride was fought between Achilles and Agamemnon when Agamemnon took â€Å"Briseis in all her beauty, [Achilles’] own prize - / so [he] can learn just how much greater [Agamemnon is] than [him]† (Iliad, I, 2 18-219). Agamemnon felt that his time was taken away, and to replace what is being lost, he deliberately makes Achilles’ suffer through the same humiliation to restore his own glory and to assert his position as king. The attitudes that was brought into war is different between the Hebrews and Greeks, where Hebrews enter with uncertainty about their success and turnouts, while Greeks proceed with passion and excitement for honor. After Lord’s forsaken, Saul desperately â€Å"inquired of the Lord, but the Lord did not answer him† (I Samuel 28:6) when he saw Philistine’s force. This led him to resort to consulting Samuel’s ghost, which is a practice of necromancy, something

Essay on To Kill a Mockingbird A Lesson on Parenting

â€Å"No!† The child screamed. This one word comes out of the mouthes of young children all the time in contemporary society and it is directed towards their parents. When parents ask their children to do something, this is a common response. It is a usual response from children who think they have a right to challenge their parents’ authority. Children in the 1930s generally acted very differently towards their parents. A high degree of respect was expected from children by their elders. In modern society, this expected degree of respect has declined. Many theories exist to try to explain why the respect children give their parents is plummeting. This disrespect from children displays a great deterioration in civility in modern society. Since†¦show more content†¦If the request is finally carried out, it is many times done under protest (Cowen). Insufficient amount of respect for authority is shown by them, compared to children in the 1930s. There are many the ories and reasons why children now have a lack of respect for proper authority. One reason is that modern American parents have less time to properly discipline their children due to fathers and mothers extensive work schedules. They are generally rushed, so they will do whatever they can to have their children behave at the moment. These methods sometimes lead to poor decisions from the parents, such as giving in to the child’s demands to stop unwanted behaviors, such as tantrums (Cowen). Mass media may be another reason for this deterioration in authority. The media is everywhere, and it exerts great influence over today’s children. Children may choose to emulate certain characters from the media and think all of their actions are suitable. Frequently, these morals clash with those of the parents. The children may, consequently, look up to these icons in the media and use them, instead of their parents, as role models. In conservative American society, many of these actions are viewed as disrespectful. In the 1930s, mass media was much less extensive, thus its influence over children’s minds was much more limited. There are many additional speculations that can be explored toShow MoreRelatedAtticus Finchs Parenting Style Essay1099 Words   |  5 PagesFinch and His Parenting Style â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, an acclaimed novel by Harper Lee, is recognized throughout the world. The novel follows a lawyer and his children prior to and during a legal case to defend a black male. That lawyers name is Atticus Finch. Atticus Finch is not just an ordinary father. He teaches his children things no parent of the 1930s, or even the modern time period, would think of doing. His style parenting, compared to modern day parenting and parenting in the 1930s,Read MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay Although most parents in the time setting of the novel To Kill a700 Words   |  3 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay Although most parents in the time setting of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird written by Harper Lee were very strict and punishing, Jem and Scout’s father Atticus was an exception. Atticus taught Jem and Scout through moral lessons and which was more effective than the traditional teaching method of punishment. Three examples of moral lessons Atticus teaches Jem and Scout throughout the novel are the importance patience and kindness, the importance to respect people andRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Character Analysis Essay763 Words   |  4 Pagesrespectful, dignity attorney from To Kill a Mockingbird, as the greatest hero in 100 years of film history. Harper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird in the 1960s and it immediately received huge acclaims from readers throughout the world. In the novel, Lee created Atticus Finch, the ideal parent of Jem and Scout, who gains much respect from his children and Maycomb inhabitants through series of events the family encounters in the n ovel. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus exemplifies the best qualitiesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Two Birds One Stone By Harper Lee900 Words   |  4 Pages9 March 2016 Two Birds One Stone â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view – until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it† (Lee 30). To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee is a very vigorous story about the racial discrimination that was uncontrollable in 1930’s Alabama. The small town of Maycomb is segregated into two categories: white and black. They each have their own separate neighborhoods and churches. Rarely is such racism binded withRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1759 Words   |  8 PagesBased on the first six chapter of the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, we can see that it moves at a rapid pace. It starts off as the beginning of summer and by the end of the sixth chapter an entire year has passed by. Throughout this year, we see Scout s, Dill s, and Jem s adventures during the summers and Scout going to school for the first time. We also receive some additional background information on the mysterious Arthur Boo Radle y. After reading this section of the book, if I could askRead MoreAtticus, The Exceptional Father957 Words   |  4 PagesAtticus, the Exceptional Father While one of the main themes of Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is understanding another human’s perspective, it also happens to be a lesson that Atticus Finch, one of the main characters, teaches his children throughout the book. The storys protagonist, Scout, is a young girl from Alabama, whose father, Atticus, is asked to defend an African-American man who is charged with rape. The southern way of life during The Great Depression will not allow Tom RobinsonRead MoreEssay On The Truth In To Kill A Mockingbird1128 Words   |  5 PagesThe American actress Goldie Hawn once said that â€Å"the biggest lesson you can learn in life, or teach your children, is that life is not castles in the skies, happily ever after. The biggest lesson we have to give our children is truth† (Safire 99). In Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus Finch, a lawyer, emphasizes teaching his children the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. To Kill a M ockingbird exposes the reader to several situations in Maycomb County, Alabama, inRead MoreAtticus Finch Character Analysis828 Words   |  4 PagesIn the midst of the Great Depression in Southern Alabama lay the dusty, sleepy town of Maycomb. The iconic, fictional setting of To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, embodies a typical deep south city in the 1930s with a rigid social system, fueled by a deep-running fault of bubbling racism and discrimination. Aside from the disturbing relativeness of prejudice, the town is considered home sweet home for many of its typical families, like the Ewells, Cunninghams, and even Finches, who are quiteRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1559 Words   |  7 Pages The novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, was written by Harper Lee and published in 1960. The story depicts a family consisting of a father, Atticus Finch and his two children, Jeremy Finch (Jem) and Jean Louise Finch (Scout) in a racist southern town called Maycomb during the Great De pression. The major plot in the novel is one where Atticus, a lawyer, chose to defend Tom Robinson, an innocent black man accused of raping a poor white woman. Atticus’ choice to defend a black man was not well received byRead MoreAtticus Finch is a model parent who teaches his children valuable life lessons.771 Words   |  5 PagesParenting is one of the most challenging and rewarding tasks possible. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Atticus Finch is a model parent who teaches his children important lessons about life. He teaches his children to respect themselves and others, to try their best to do what s right, and what real courage is. Atticus Finch is a very respected man in Maycomb. He shows respect to a lot of people including his children, the Negroes, his neighbours and Arthur Radley. When asked

Introduction To Health Safety Construction -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Introduction To Health Safety Construction? Answer: Introduction Risks are likely to occur during the project implementation stage. The only action which can be taken to ensure that the implementation stage continuous well is coming up with a perfect plan to mitigate the available risks. From the contract negotiation to the handover, risks are ever present. The risk plan therefore has to identify the risks available in the projects right from the contracting period (In Ratay, 2012). This will ensure that successful completion of the project is attained. Some of the key risks in the contractual documents include wrong contract sum awarding to the project. This will mean that the contract sum will not be able to complete the project and lead to stalling of the project. Involving proper personnel with experience will ensure that the project negotiation details are well done and ensure that the time allocation and project sum mare sufficient to complete the project. Another key risk which may be experienced is on the technical part of the project. Man y construction projects are able to stall due to lack of workable technical details. The technical parts are important. The contract must be able to analyze all the technical details and ensure they are well workable. This will ensure that the progress on work is not hinders through evaluation of the technical details when found they cannot be implemented on field. In addition, in order to ensure work progress is maintained, proper logistics must be placed on board. The logistics ensures that all the requirements are delivered to the team for them to ensure they complete the work on allocated team (Bissonette, 2016). In addition, the logistics ensures that all the project details are well clarified and issues are addressed on time. The logistics ensures that the contract period is well kept and works are completed on time for handover. Unclear plan on material deliver on site, payment of workers and poor quality materials are some of the logistical issues which may be experienced du ring the project execution. In addition, another area which has risks is the construction process. Lack of proper planning is one of the key risks which are experienced in the construction process. The WSI Blue Mountains TAFE project (19735 Project 4) is not different and likely to experience the same risk. Therefore proper planning to solve such risk and mitigate them are needed. The planning for mitigation of the risks needs to be done early enough to ensure proper project completion. In addition, financial risks are key problems which affect construction projects during project implementation. Proper contract agreements must be arrived at on matters of payment. Securing financial assistance early enough is a key resolution which will ensure progress of works is done well. Financial difficulties are key risks which are able to make project stall and lead to their incompletion. Proper address of the financial risks will ensure that the works continue well and completion timeline is met. In addition, addressing these risks will ensure that the workers are well motivated since they are able to receive their financial compensation on time. This paper will analyze all these risks and look at different ways which can be implemented to mitigate them in relation to the WSI Blue Mountains TAFE project (19735 Project 4) project. Risk Assessment All processes are able to carry some level of risk in them. This is the same in construction project implementation. The major part for the projects is to identify the risks and be able to come up with a mitigation plan (Pritchard, 2015). The risk assessment is able to help in the risk identification in the different processes of the project implementation. This will be done in relation to the WSI Blue Mountains TAFE project (19735 Project 4) project. This part will identify the different risks which are likely to occur and assess their level of occurrence. The risks are likely to affect the project output and therefore their output is important to ensure that the work progress is not affected. Identification The contractual process is important for any project implementation. There are key risks which are likely to affect the implementation or a project once the contractor is chosen. Proper detail analysis is one of the processes which must be done by the contract. This includes the site visitation to ensure that the working conditions in site are well laid off (In Fraser, In Simkins In Narvaez, 2015). Land issues and risks are key risk which has been able to hinder the start off of projects at different site. This happens where the contractor is not aware of the working site and has not done any background check on the site. Proper site visitation and site background checks are able to mitigate the risk of the contract being unable to kick off the work. Site search is a key process which can be done to ensure that this type of risk does not happen. This has to happen before the contract is signed to ensure work is not affected. The site managers, contractor and the project owners are k ey stakeholders which can be involved in this process. In addition, analysis of the contract details is important before contract signing for the contractor. The contractor has to involve qualified personnel to check the documents. This included proper preparation of the different document such as bill of quantities to ensure proper pricing is done for the different elements. Improper pricing of element will lead to financial risks. This will lead to the project being unable to be completed due to lack of financial support. Brainstorming is a key process which will be involved in this process to identify the risks. Involving professional will ensure that the risks are mitigated and their occurrence is reduced as much as possible. The analysis of the risks in this process must be analyzed before contract signing and work starts. This will ensure that the documents provided must be analyzed well by a professional. In addition, logistics processes are able to lead to key risks in the project implementation. The payment issues are some of key logistical issues which may alter the implementation process of a project. Lack of proper payment of workers may lead to strikes which may affect the working plan and schedule. The project managers are able to play a key role in ensuring that the payment issues are well enhanced (Smith, Merna, Jobling, 2014). In addition, ensuring proper payment plan will ensure the issues and risk of financial strikes are well solved. The plan on when to pay the workers can be done at the beginning of the project. This will ensure that the workers logistics are well solved and ensures that the workers issues are well solved. In addition, the logistic issues have to make sure the different materials are delivered when required on site. Lack of material deliver can result to stalling of the working schedule. The logistical issues regarding materials may also involve the qua lity required. The logistic team has to make sure that they consult well on what is needed and when it is required. This will minimize the material logistic issues and the materials are well delivered. Financial issues are highly likely to affect the working conditions in construction sites. Lack of timely payment and delivery of financials high affect the working progress for many projects. In this project, analysis of payment details and schedule must be delivered and ensure that the finances are available all through the project span. In addition, proper planning details must be done early enough to ensure that the contractor wont depend on client to finance the progress of works. In addition, construction risks are likely to affect work progress. This involves key issues which include the safety factors during working (Hughes Ferrett, 2016). Wrong understanding of the technical details may lead to wrong construction which will likely to affect the implementation. The set up of substandard structures which are not defined in the technical details will increase the cost of implementation of the project. OSHA teams together with the project management team play a key role in redu cing and analysis the construction risks. Brainstorming process to ensure that the construction process goes well for the WSI Blue Mountains TAFE project will be effected. The teams will ensures that the construction issues such as safety are well identified and mitigation mechanisms are enhanced. Analysis and Evaluation The contractual risks may affect the whole implementation cycle. Lack of enough finances may lead to complete stalling of the project. The contract risks must be mitigated to ensure that all parties are able to benefit and enhance the quality of work delivered. In addition, the contract risks may affect the quality of work being done. Short implementation period and budget may lead to the contractor delivering substandard work. In addition, longer time taken to resolve the contract disputed may lead to extension of project timelines. This will mean delays on start off of the project and therefore delay in completion time. The likelihood of the contractual risks occurring depends on the analysis contract documents. Contractual risks occurrence likelihood is usually low and their impact to the impact is high whenever they occur. Technical risks are also costly affair for the construction projects. The availability of the technical risks may likely affect the working progress. For instant, wrong understanding of the technical drawings may affect the working schedule (Taylor, 2000). This will mean that the project will take longer than it is scheduled. In addition, the cost of the project may escalate due to the technical risks. For instance, wrong understanding of the may lead to wrong working which will later lead to demolishing of the structure. The timeframe and costs of the projects will escalate due to the technical risks. For the WSI Blue Mountains TAFE project, technical issue will be able to affect the time and cost. This may lead to lack of completion of the project. The technical risks have highly likelihood of occurring during the start of the project. Nevertheless, with proper professionals, the likelihood is low and the seriousness is usually low with the proper type of worker force. The logistical risks may arise from different framework in WSI Blue Mountains TAFE project. The materials quality can be able to affect the quality of output. This will even affect the design lifetime of the project during use (Hassani, 2016). In addition, in another perspective, the logistical issues can be experienced when the workers issues are not well addressed in time. This will leads to issues of strikes which will affect the timeline schedule of the project. In addition, the time taken to complete a project will define the cost factors for the project. The increased timeline will mean that the cost of the WSI Blue Mountains TAFE project will increase. The likelihood of the risk to occur depends with the handling of the logistical issues by the logistic team. Careless handling of the issue will increase the likelihood of the issue to occur. When they occur, the impact and seriousness is usually high and has great impact on project progress. In addition, financial issues are able to affect the timeline for project implementation. The financial risks are able to affect the work quality and lead to reduced benefits of project. If not handled early, the financial risks have highly likelihood of occurring. Overall, the financial risks have a medium likelihood of occurring in WSI Blue Mountains TAFE project. Seriousness Likelihood Low Medium High Extreme Low N D C A Medium D C B A High C B A A Risk Mitigation The mitigation plan will highly depend on the seriousness and likelihood of the risk occurring in the WSI Blue Mountains TAFE project. The classification of the mitigation plans will depend on the category which the specific risks are able to fall (Lock, 2016). The urgency on solution and mitigation plan will depend on the time of risk occurrence and the way it is able to affect the progress of works in the project. As identified, the risks classified in category A have the greatest negative impact on the projects and are highly likely to occur on the projects. The impacts are able to reduce on the projects from category A, B, C, D and N. The financial risks are likely to occur and will able to be classified under category A. the impact of these risks are able to affect the progress of the works in this projects and therefore will be given high priority incase of their occurrence. Proper financial plans will be laid and checked on after very month. This plan will be able to identify any occurrence risks of these plans. The project management team will have a crucial role in assessing the likelihood of the risks occurring during the analysis period. The analysis will mean that the budget of the project is control and kept at the assigned amount. Another category of risks will be classified on class B. these risks will have a high impact on the project and high likelihood of happening. Nevertheless, their impact will not be able to match the impact on the risks in class A. some of the key risks which can be categorized in this class in WSI Blue Mountains TAFE project include the wrong materials delivery, design faults risks and construction risks. In order to mitigate the risks, proper personnel will be involved in the different stages of the construction in this project. This will ensures that each process is carried out according to the set plan. The engineers and logistics team will be able to carry out most of mitigation plans in the risks in this category. These risks will be able to create crisis on the budget since they will be able to escalate the budget when they occur. Another class of risks in this project will be on class C. this will involve risks which have medium likelihood of occurring and medium impact on the project. In order to resolve these risks, time can be taken to analyze and they can be mitigate with time. Logistic issues involving workers welfare are some of the risks which are able to fall on this category. In addition, safety risks in this project will be classified under this category. Proper analysis of the risks occurrence will be taken and their point of occurrence be mitigated. The involved people will be drawn from the specific field where the risk is able to occur. For instance, in case of the security issues, the OSHA and workers welfare team will be involved to mitigate the risk. Analysis of the risk occurring will be carried out in monthly basis to ensure any loopholes of the risks occurring are mitigated. Lastly class D and N will be other categories of risks which will be found on this project. These classes involve risks which have low likelihood of occurring and also attribute to low level of impact on the project. Construction risks such as lack of understanding of the technical materials will be classified on this category. Risk Monitoring Monitoring the risks will be a vital tool which will be used in WSI Blue Mountains TAFE project. The monitoring will be time which will be taken for the team to review the mitigation plan and level at which the different processes are at risk of occurring (Bissonette, 2016). The risk monitoring will highly borrow from the risk occurrence and likelihood process. In addition, for the different risks, the report to the project manager and steering committees will be delivered different. Under the risk monitoring, the schedule will be able to indicate the frequency on which the report will be delivered. In addition, the steering committee will be able to check only the risk monitoring report on class A and B. the project manager will be able to review all the report according to the monitoring schedule. Risk type Involved personnel. Monitoring schedule Delivering report to steering committee A Project manager and client Weekly Weekly B Contractor and project manager Weekly Monthly C Contractors Monthly Monthly D OSHA team Monthly Monthly N Contractor, workers Daily Weekly Roles and Responsibilities In WSI Blue Mountains TAFE project, there are different team members who have key roles in ensuring that the risks are well identified and mitigated. The members will have different responsibilities to ensure that risk identification and analysis process goes well (Pritchard, 2016). Lastly, the team will ensure that the perfect mitigation measures are put in place to ensure that the project is completed on time as it is scheduled. The following three team members will have the highest responsibility in the risk management plan. The teams will be able to identify the risks, access them and their impacts to the project and lastly come up with the plan which they will execute to mitigate the risks. Steering Committee The steering committee will have the highest responsibility of monitoring the projects progress. In addition, they will be involved in the monitoring of the key risks which are likely to have the greatest impact on the project. This team will be involved in the analysis of the risks in category A and B. for all the risks, the steering committee will be involved in the risks identification and analysis process. They will then handover the monitoring of the other risks to other teams and collaborate with the project managers to monitor the mitigation of risks in class A and B. The committee will be able to receive the report on these risks on weekly and monthly basis respectively. They will analyze the reports and therefore come up with any suggestions to enhance the mitigation plans. Any updated on risk register during implementation process will be forwarded to the steering committee through the project manager. Project Manager The project manager will be a vital member in WSI Blue Mountains TAFE project. The project manager will come up with the guide of preparing the risks management plan. He will be involved in all the risk identification, assessment and mitigation plans for this project. The manager will be vital in monitoring the management plan for the risks and able to identify the challenges involved (Lock, 2016). Through this the project manager will be able to come up with new ways of mitigation and emerging risks or better ways of mitigating the available risks. In addition, the project manger will be able to provide the key reports to the steering committee on the risk management plan for the risks in class A and B. The project manager will be able to provide any changes which the project team has done on the field to enhance the implementation of the risk management. Project Team The project team will have the greatest responsibility of assisting the project manager in risk identification, analysis and mitigation. In addition, the team will be able to suggest any new methods which can be applied to mitigate the risks and therefore be updated on the registry. Throughout the WSI Blue Mountains TAFE project, the project team will be able to mitigate and implement the risk management plan. They will be able to report any risk which had not been captured to the project manager. References Bissonette, M. (2016). Project risk management: A practical implementation approach. Newtown Square, Pennsylvania : Project Management Institute, Inc. Hassani, B. (2016). Scenario analysis in risk management: theory and practice in finance. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4729547. Hughes, P., Ferrett, E. (2016). Introduction to health and safety in construction: For the NEBOSH national certificate in construction health and safety. London ; New York : Routledge, Taylor Francis Group. In Fraser, J. R. S., In Simkins, B. J., In Narvaez, K. (2015). Implementing enterprise risk management: Case studies and best practices. Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley. In Ratay, R. T. (2012). Temporary structures in construction. New York, N.Y: McGraw-Hill Education LLC. Jackson, B. J. (2010). Construction Management JumpStart: The Best First Step Toward a Career in Construction Management. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Lock, D. (2016). Project management in construction. London: Routledge. Pritchard, C. L. (2015). Risk management: Concepts and guidance. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, Taylor Francis Group. Smith, N. J., Merna, T., Jobling, P. (2014). Managing risk in construction projects. Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom : John Wiley Sons Inc. Taylor, M. (2000). Avoiding claims in building design: risk management in practice. Oxford, England: Blackwell Science.

Why Is the Investment Appraisal Process so Important free essay sample

This concept of a target payback could be employed in the case of projects A and B above. The payback target is 3 years, so project B should be accepted because it pays back after 2 years 9 months where as project A payback only after 3 years and 4. 8 months which is more than the target. The longer the time period for receipt of cash, the greater the risk. C) What are the criticisms of the payback period? Payback is the number of years it takes to recover the initial investment. It is expressed in time or years. It is normally defined as the period, usually expressed in years, which it takes the cash inflows from an investment project to equal the cast outflows. There are three important criticisms of the payback period method. The first is clearly fundamental and relates to the fact that cash flows after the payback period are ignored. So it could be the case that whilst a project produces a large net cash flow (i. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is the Investment Appraisal Process so Important? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page e. , where cash inflows significantly exceed outflows), they are generated in the later part of the project and may be ignored as this is after the payback period. For example, in the case of project A and B in this question , project B was preferred because of its shorter payback period, but overall project A generates more cash inflows, totaling ? 2,10,000 as compared to only ? 2,00,000 in the case of project B. However, project A`s cash inflows were mainly earned in the later years. The second criticism of the payback method is that it relates to the method not taking account of the time value of money, similarly to the ARR. However, it does not have value in situations where the useful life of the project is short and difficult to predict. Japanese firms, particularly in consumer electronics, use the payback method when evaluating new products since the product life cycle can be quite short and a new product can be made unexpectedly obsolete by changes in technology. For example, imagine we have to choose between two alternatives that each require an initial investment of ? 4000. Option A returns ? 1000 at the end of fourth year. Option B returns ? 4000 at the end of fourth year. NPV, Net Present Value, allows us to value a company’s assets at their correct current value, normally end of the year and when the accounts are prepared. The calculation of NPV takes into account the assets original cost, less all accumulated depreciation allowed against that asset in previous tax computations. To make long term investment like purchasing land, buildings, machinery a firm have to earn an income greater than the fund committed. In order to handle these decisions, firms have to make an assessment of the size of the out flow and the inflows of the funds. One of the most important steps in the capital budgeting cycle is working out if the benefits of investing large capital sums outweigh the cost of these investments. Business organization can used two ways. ) traditional methods and 2) discounted cash flow techniques.

Buffer Definition - Chemistry and Biology

Buffer Definition - Chemistry and Biology A buffer is a  solution containing either a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt, which is resistant to changes in pH. In other words, a buffer is an aqueous solution of either a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A buffer may also be called a pH buffer, hydrogen ion buffer, or buffer solution. Buffers are used to maintain a stable pH in a solution, as they can neutralize small quantities of additional acid of base. For a given buffer solution, there is a working pH range and a set amount of acid or base that can be neutralized before the pH will change.  The amount of acid or base that can be added to a buffer before changing its pH is called its buffer capacity.   The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation may be used to gauge the approximate pH of a buffer.  In order to use the equation, the initial concentration or stoichiometric concentration is entered instead of the equilibrium concentration. The general form of a buffer chemical reaction is: HA â‡Å' H   A− Examples of Buffers blood - contains a bicarbonate buffer systemTRIS bufferphosphate buffer As stated, buffers are useful over specific pH ranges. For example, here is the pH range of common buffering agents: Buffer pKa pH range citric acid 3.13., 4.76, 6.40 2.1 to 7.4 acetic acid 4.8 3.8 to 5.8 KH2PO4 7.2 6.2 to 8.2 borate 9.24 8.25 to 10.25 CHES 9.3 8.3 to 10.3 When a buffer solution is prepared, the pH of the solution is adjusted to get it within the correct effective range. Typically a strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to lower the pH of acidic buffers. A strong base, such as sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH), is added to raise the pH of alkaline buffers. How Buffers Work In order to understand how a buffer works, consider the example of a buffer solution made by dissolving sodium acetate into acetic acid. Acetic acid is (as you can tell from the name) an acid: CH3COOH, while the sodium acetate dissociates in solution to yield the conjugate base, acetate ions of CH3COO-. The equation for the reaction is: CH3COOH(aq) OH-(aq) ⇆ CH3COO-(aq) H2O(aq) If a strong acid is added to this solution, the acetate ion neutralizes it: CH3COO-(aq) H(aq) ⇆ CH3COOH(aq) This shifts the equilibrium of the initial buffer reaction, keeping the pH stable. A strong base, on the other hand, would react with the acetic acid. Universal Buffers Most buffers work over a relative narrow pH range. An exception is citric acid because it has three pKa values. When a compound has multiple pKa values, a larger pH range becomes available for a buffer. Its also possible to combine buffers, providing their pKa values are close (differing by 2 or less), and adjusting the pH with strong base or acid to reach the required range. For example, McIvaines buffer is prepared by combining mixtures of Na2PO4 and citric acid. Depending on the ratio between the compounds, the buffer may be effective from pH 3.0 to 8.0. A mixture of citric acid, boric acid, monopotassium phosphate, and diethyl barbituic acid can cover the pH range from 2.6 to 12! Buffer Key Takeaways A buffer is an aqueous solution used to keep the pH of a solution nearly constant.A buffer consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.Buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added before the pH of a buffer changes.An example of a buffer solution is bicarbonate in blood, which maintains the bodys internal pH. Sources Butler, J. N. (1964).  Ionic Equilibrium: A Mathematical Approach. Addison-Wesley. p.  151.Carmody, Walter R. (1961). Easily prepared wide range buffer series. J. Chem. Educ. 38 (11): 559–560. doi:10.1021/ed038p559Hulanicki, A. (1987). Reactions of acids and bases in analytical chemistry. Translated by Masson, Mary R. Horwood. ISBN 0-85312-330-6.Mendham, J.; Denny, R. C.; Barnes, J. D.; Thomas, M. (2000). Appendix 5. Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis (5th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-582-22628-7.Scorpio, R. (2000). Fundamentals of Acids, Bases, Buffers Their Application to Biochemical Systems. ISBN 0-7872-7374-0.

The 13 Best Campus Jobs for College Students

The 13 Best Campus Jobs for College Students SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There are a lot of benefits to having a job while you’re a college student (besides just the extra cash, of course). Some of the most convenient jobs available are located right on campus. In this article, I’ll do a deep dive into the benefits of having a job in college before talking about exactly what you should look for to find good jobs for college students.Then I’ll get to the good stuff: a list of the best jobs out there and how to get one for yourself. Read on to learn more! Why Should You Have a Student Job, Anyways? So maybe you’re still on the fence when it comes to deciding whether a student job is right for you. It’s not a decision to be taken lightly - getting a job while you’re a full-time student isn’t for everyone - but there are definitely a ton of benefits to working while you’re in college. Here are the main benefits of finding a side gig. Make That Cash Perhaps the most obvious benefit that comes with a student job is, well, a paycheck. This money can help cover your personal expenses, pay for textbooks and transport, or even go towards tuition, room, and board. This can ease the financial burden of attending college, and maybe reduce the amount of money you owe in loans in the long run. The amount you can make will vary depending on a few important factors, including: Your hourly rate. Some jobs may start at minimum wage, but other positions that require more specialized work (think lab jobs, tutoring, etc.) could pay much more. The number of hours you work. You don’t want your schoolwork and extracurriculars to suffer, but you likely want to maximize the number of hours you work when possible. It'll take some trial and error to figure out how often you want to work. The average working student puts in about 19 hours a week,but you don't necessarily have to work as many hours to reap the benefits of a job. No matter your hourly salary or average number of hours per week, you’ll still be bringing in extra money (which is much better than no money). It’ll be up to you to figure out the balance between your school work and your job. You can read more about this balance by checking out our post on deciding whether to get a student job. Meet New People This is an especially relevant benefit for first-time college students who are looking to make new friends. If you get a job on campus, you’re likely to meet all sorts of people who you already go to school with.Depending on where you work, you may even get to meet university faculty, staff, or grad students. This could be a great opportunity for professional networking. I had a pretty awesome cafe job in college where I met a lot of new friends. I also interacted with professors, TAs, and graduate students regularly. It’s unlikely I would have been able to meet these people in any other setting. Build Your Resume College is the time when most people start to think about building professional experience.Good jobs for college students will help you develop skills and establish a professional reputation. You could start by looking for jobs that align with your professional goals and/or interests - for example, working in a lab in your academic department.If this isn’t a good option, don't worry! You can still build marketable skills for your resume with almost any job. Any leadership, management, or technical skill experiences, in particular, can help you get jobs in the future. Do Better in School This seems counterintuitive - how could a part-time job help you do better in school? It turns out that students who work about 12-15 hours a week do just as well or even better in school than those who don’t have a job. It may be that students who have student jobs are more ambitious or organized to begin with, which could explain why they tend to have better grades.Conversely, getting a job might force you to schedule your time a bit more wisely. There’s an old saying - if you want something done, ask a busy person to do it - that might apply in this case. Have Fun Not all good jobs for college students might be a blast, but if you’re working with a bunch of your peers, you’ll probably have a pretty good time while you work. A student job can serve as a great opportunity to socialize, and even to get away from schoolwork for a while. Back to my collegejob - not only did I have fun working with friends, but we also had parties and other get-togethers with co-workers after we’d closed up shop. Campus jobs can be pretty casual work environments, so it’s often appropriate (depending on the setting, of course) to take advantage of that in order to have a little fun. The Best On-Campus Student Jobs Nowthat we've talked about reasons to get a job, we can get to the list you've been waiting for: the best jobs you can find on campus.Although this list includes the most common positions available at schools, it isn't exhaustive - if you find a job you like that isn't listed here, it doesn't mean it's not a good opportunity! If you are interested in getting a student job, check out these greatpositions to look for. Administrative Assistant There are so many different places for a student to work as an admin assistant on campus. You find these jobs in places like libraries, academic departments, and admissions offices. Some busy professors might also seek personal admin assistants. These jobs probably won’t be very high-paying, but they tend to be low-stress and pretty casual. Ifyou work in an academic department that you’re interested in, you'll have the opportunity to develop some valuable professional connections. Barista I know this is the stereotypical college student job, but hear me out! If you’re a coffee lover (or even if you aren’t), working as abaristaat a college cafe can be a fun, rewarding, and social job. Working as abaristais good training if you want a supplemental part-time job after you graduate. Also, you might even get free coffee at work - it doesn’t get much better than that. Who doesn't want to learn to make a latte like this? Fitness Instructor Many colleges and universities have on-campus fitness centers that offer different types of classes, including yoga, pilates, Zumba, spin, and more. If you’re certified to teach any of these classes, and you enjoy exercise to begin with, you should definitely check this out. Fitness instructor jobs tend to pay a lot per hour, although you may not have the opportunity to work many hours per week. A huge benefit of a job like this? You can kill two birds with one stone: get your exercise in while you work! IT Assistant Schools always need IT help for students and faculty. You’d need some pre-existing skills in order to get a job like this, but if you’re good with computers or have even done IT work in the past, this would be a great fit. Check out your school's IT center for more info. Library Assistant Working in a library may not be very exciting, but it’s generally quiet and low-stress. Downtime is common, which means you can do homework and reading. There are also opportunities to interact with new and interesting people, especially if you chat with students and professors who are working on research.I worked in a library in college and made friends with an elderly librarian who liked to teach me words in Japanese!As "boring" as the library might be, you never know who you'll meet and what you'll learn. Lifeguard If you’re certified as a lifeguard, it’s a no-brainer to check out lifeguarding jobs. This suggestion only applies, obviously, if your school has pools on campus. Becauselifeguarding is a pretty specialized skill, you can expect these jobs to pay a bit more than your average student job. Mail Room Assistant Mail rooms areusually located very close to student dorms, which also makes them conveniently located if you need to run to work after you sleep through your alarm. But there are other benefits to working in the mail room - it's agreat way to meet other people on campus, for one. You also may have down time to work on other stuff, like catching up on your reading for classes. Museum Assistant Many colleges and universities have museums on campus, ranging from small specialized collections to huge, well-known galleries. If you're interested in any museum at your school - whether it's a museum of art, Semitic studies, natural history, Egyptology, or comparative zoology (the list goes on and on) - I would recommend stopping by to see if there are any available positions. I can't think of a cooler place to work! Research Assistant Research assistant jobs are great if you want to develop relationships with professors and/or grad students in your department. They're also a good way to explore interests in research and academia. A research assistant job might be very social (i.e. if you’re running research in the social sciences) or pretty solitary (i.e. if you’re working on an independent project in a chem lab). You may also have opportunities to develop very specialized skills, like using particular software programs or running special data analyses. These could serve you well when you apply to jobs in the future, even if they're just interesting things that set you apart from other applicants. Residential Advisor A residential advisor position is a good option for students who feel comfortable interacting with new people, solving social problems, and serving as part of a support network for their peers. Perks and benefits vary from school to school. You might not get paid in cash, but it’s common forresidential advisors to get free housing. In general, working as a residential advisor isn't a huge time commitment. Teaching Assistant (TA) Certain departments (most oftenmath and computer science departments) sometimes hire experienced upperclassmen to work as teaching assistants. This is obviously great teaching experienceand is a good option for students who are looking for a social, high-responsibility job in a subject that they like. It's also a great way to forge professional connections in your field. TAs responsibilities vary widely depending on their experience and the policies of the department and school - some might just grade papers whereas others might hold office hours or lead small classes. Teaching is a big responsibility, but it can also be a lot of fun. Tour Guide This is a very social job and is great for those who want to develop interpersonal and public speaking skills. If you work for the admissions office, you’ll get to interact with hundreds of students and parents that are interested in your school. There’s often summer work available, which is great if you want to take classes over the summer. It tends to pay pretty well, and many tour guides get to keep tips! Tutor Depending on what sort of organization you work for, this job may be one of the most lucrative options on this list. My only caveat? Freshmen don’t tend to have a ton of tutoring opportunities (because they’re at the bottom of the academic totem pole), but as students get older and take more classes, they develop more expertise in theirparticular majors. The more experience you have, the more in demand you'll be, the more money you can make. Because of this, tutoring tends to pay off even more if you stick with it through college (and even after you graduate). How Do You Find Campus Jobs? Excited to start working yet? Like I mentioned earlier, campus jobs tend to be a bit more casual than your average post-grad gig. That being said, there are a lot of things you should know about the process if you’re serious about seeking out a job. Here, I’ll go over the key things you should know about looking for jobs on your campus. These tips will get you started on the right track. Don't worry, the search won't be this hard. Use Your Personal Connections Your friends, classmates, and peers are all resources. They will be able to offer info on what jobs to check out (and what jobs to stay away from). If you're taking a class with a professor you like, don’t be afraid to approach them about lab or administrative openings. If they don’t have anything available, they could direct you to other professors that may need help. Familiarize Yourself With Campus Resources Chances are your school will have some sort of jobs database available. These databases tend to list both on-campus and off-campus jobs that would be appropriate for students. If you’re not sure how to access this, ask friends or classmates if they know where to find it. If you can’t get good info out of them, reach out to your school’s career center for more info. Check this database regularly - jobs on campus fill up fast, so if you see a job listing that interests you, pounce on it! Start the Process Early Campus jobs tend to hire pretty early in the semester, sostart looking for openings a few weeks before the semester starts. If you’re looking at something more specialized - a research assistant position, for example - don’t be afraid to reach out to professors and/or lab managers via email four to sixweeks before the start of the semester. Know Your Work Study Status Many jobs on campus prefer or require students to have federal work-study awards. You can check out your financial aid package to see if you have a work study award, and if so, how much you have available. If you don’t know how to access your financial aid award, call or email your financial aid officer. For more information on federal work study, check out ourcomplete guide to the program. Locking Down the Job You Want So you've checked out somejobs and found a listing that works for you. The next step is actuallygetting the job, right? The following tips will help you get the job you want if you're offered an interview on campus. Your default should be a professional demeanor and business casual attire.You may be able to dress down a bit depending on where/with whom you’re interviewing - for example, if you’re interviewing at a casual cafe with a student manager. Take your cues from your interviewer. If he or she is more personable and casual, you can let your guard down a bit. If he or she is maintaining a very professional distance, you should do the same. Prepare for the standard interview questions, as well as any specialized questions that apply to that specific job. Examples include: Why are you interested in this job? Why do you think you'd be a good fit for this position? What are your strengths and weaknesses? Be prepared for strange interview questions as well. Casual interviewers sometimes ask more unexpected questions as a way to gauge your personality and fit.When I interviewed for an on-campus cafe in college, I was asked some funny questions, including â€Å"If you were a pastry, which onewould you be and why?† If someone asks a creative question, feel free to get creative with your answers. Don't reveal information that's too personal in an interview, no matter how friendly or casual the setting. Topics that you should steer clear of include significant others, complaints about past job experiences, and family issues. Conversely, don't ask your interviewer about personal information- this can be very off-putting. The more practice you can do before an interview - whether you practice with friends or roommates, or you talk to yourself in the mirror - the better. And if you don't get your dream job after your first interview? Don't let that get you down. Almost everyone has experienced at least one professional rejection - sometimes, certain positions have too many qualified applicants. Think of each interview you complete as great practice for the next one you schedule! Interviews, a.k.a. an excuse you'd have to change out of your collegiate sweatpants. What's Next? If you're considering getting a job in college,you're also probably thinking about balancing your budget. Start by learning more about the federal work study program and the sorts of jobs you can get with a work study award. If you're using your campus job money to help fund your college expenses, we have a lot of great guides for you to check out. Start with our complete guide to paying for college, before learning more about paying for college without loans and paying for college without your parents' help. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Applied economic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Applied economic - Assignment Example Given that model 2 is the correct model, the Gauss-Markov theorem tells me that the model’s ordinary least square estimators are the best estimators under classical linear regression models. This implies that the coefficients are the best for the model and the R2 is the highest that the model can attain (Wooldridge 102). Suppose a test was conducted on the hypothesis at 15 percent level of confidence and a p-value of 0.119 obtained, the test result would mean that no significant relationship exist. This is because for a two tailed test, implied by the alternative hypothesis that ÃŽ ²1≠ -3, then the confidence level for the test is 0.075. The p-value is therefore greater that the confidence level and this means that the null hypothesis is not rejected. Conducting the test 10 percent level could change the conclusion on significance. This is because of the associated increment in confidence interval that could extend to cover the critical value. Assuming that Ram (2009) is correct in his model in which openness is a significant factor to government’s expenditure, then expected value of error term in the model that omitted the openness variable cannot be zero and the expression is not valid. This is because of effects openness that was factored in the error term and meant that what was perceived to be the error term was not error but effects of an unidentified variable. Even though both models leads to rejection of the null hypothesis, the greater absolute t-statistic from model two offers better evidence for rejecting the null hypothesis because it would ensure rejection of the null hypothesis at a greater level of precision than would model 1. The greater absolute value of the statistic in model two explains this because greater statistic than a reference value implies significance. Suppose population is added to model 1, then